Stories

Case studies.

Three shapes

Comparative, thematic, country.

Browse by geography

Country diagnostics by region.

Kenya and Zambia comparative diagnostic

Featured comparative diagnostic

Kenya and Zambia

Similar regional setting, different exposure structure.

Kenya sits above Zambia on average exposure and on the share of tasks in the high-exposure range, but both countries still lean more toward augmentation than substitution.

This comparison shows what the atlas adds beyond a ranking: two related economies can occupy different positions in the exposure distribution without shifting into completely different modes of exposure.

Current comparisons

Comparative diagnostics.

High exposure often remains augmentation-heavy thematic diagnostic

Thematic diagnostic

High exposure often remains augmentation-heavy

The atlas separates how exposed work is from whether automation supports or replaces the worker.

Higher exposure does not automatically imply replacement. Some countries stay augmentation-heavy as exposure rises; others tilt toward substitution once pathways come into view.

This thematic diagnostic pulls the core interpretation together in one place. It helps readers avoid the most common mistake on this topic: treating exposure as a synonym for realized job replacement.

China case study

Latest country diagnostic

China

China sits well above the current East Asia & Pacific median on average task exposure and leans clearly more toward substitution than augmentation. The strongest signals concentrate in tellers, billing, postal clerks, brokerage clerks, and other transaction-heavy routines, while a strong goods-facing automation proxy keeps the country from reading like a service-only case.

East Asia & Pacific Top occupation: Tellers High-exposure share: 19.3%

Country diagnostics

Sub-Saharan Africa

Zambia case study

Zambia

A guided country diagnostic on automation exposure, skills, and sector structure.

Zambia sits above the current Sub-Saharan Africa median on average task exposure, but its profile still leans more toward augmentation than substitution. The strongest signals are concentrated in clerical, accounting, and digitally mediated service work, with specialized domain tools and software-heavy tasks doing most of the work.

Billing and Posting Clerks Create precise digital maps from compiled geographic data
Kenya case study

Kenya

A guided country diagnostic on automation exposure, skills, and sector structure.

Kenya combines a higher average exposure level than Zambia with a similarly augmentation-heavy overall profile. The strongest signals again sit in administrative, clerical, and digitally mediated service work, making Kenya a natural comparative case for policy discussion in East Africa.

Tellers handle cash and electronic payments for goods or services

Country diagnostics

South Asia

India case study

India

A guided country diagnostic on automation exposure, trade-facing structure, and service-intensive task exposure.

India sits above the current South Asia median on average task exposure and leans more toward substitution than augmentation, but it does not look like a simple high-exposure frontier case. The strongest signals cluster in travel, payroll, bookkeeping, document handling, and other administrative routines, while the trade-facing layer remains much less intense than in Viet Nam.

Billing and Posting Clerks Organize documents, maintain customer records, and prepare administrative forms

Country diagnostics

Europe & Central Asia

United Kingdom case study

United Kingdom

A guided country diagnostic on automation exposure, service-intensive routines, and advanced-economy structure.

The United Kingdom sits above the current Europe & Central Asia median on average task exposure and leans clearly more toward substitution than augmentation. The strongest signals concentrate in medical secretarial, bookkeeping, payroll, billing, and other document-heavy administrative routines, making the country a useful advanced-economy contrast to the earlier Africa and South Asia diagnostics.

Tellers Organize documents, maintain customer records, and prepare administrative forms

Country diagnostics

North America

United States case study

United States

A guided country diagnostic on automation exposure, advanced-service routines, and high-income scale.

The United States sits high in the country-conditioned exposure distribution and leans more toward substitution than augmentation, but it does not read like a narrow manufacturing case. The strongest signals concentrate in tellers, billing, brokerage, reception, customer service, scheduling, and other document-heavy routines, making it a useful diagnostic for how advanced service work appears inside the atlas.

Tellers Organize documents, maintain customer records, and prepare administrative forms

Coming next

Planned country diagnostics.

Italy